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我国服务贸易发展的现状与对策
摘要:服务贸易正逐渐成为全球经济竞争的重点。加入WTO以后,我国服务贸易获得了一定的发展,但也存在着一些问题。只有制定有效的措施,才能推动我国服务贸易的发展。
关键词:服务贸易;现状;对策
上世纪末以来,全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易,服务业发达的程度成为衡量现代化水平的重要标志。目前,我国已进入全面建设小康社会的发展阶段,必须大力发展服务业,并把扩大服务业领域的对外开放作为我国更广泛地参与国际竞争、融入经济全球化的重要内容。
一、我国服务贸易的发展现状
近年来,我国服务业实现了持续、稳定、健康发展,服务业的发展促进了服务贸易的增长。1989年我国的服务贸易进出口总额在全世界名列第30位,2000年上升到第12位。但是,由于我国服务贸易起点低、基础差,与发达国家相比仍有很大差距,主要表现在:
1、服务贸易整体水平差
我国服务业总量不足,在国民经济中比重偏低。2001年我国服务业增加值32254亿元,占GDP的比重为33. 6%。与中等收入国家的46%—56%、高收入国家的59%—65%相比,还有很大的差距。服务业落后使我国服务贸易的发展受到很大的制约。2002年我国服务贸易总额为660亿美元,占全球服务贸易总额的2.3%。而同期美国服务贸易总额占全球的16.5%,是我国的7倍多。从总体上看,除旅游等少数行业外,多数服务贸易领域处于逆差状态。加入WTO后,服务贸易逆差有可能进一步扩大.
2、服务贸易内部结构不合理
1995—2002年,我国服务出口总额中,旅游服务一直居于首位,其比重由27. 6%升至36. 5%:金融服务所占比重一直在19%左右;运输服务的比重有所下降,由27. 1%降为19%。而以信息技术为基础的新兴服务业则是明显的弱项,1995年这类产业在服务进口额中所占比重为22. 9%,2001年剧增为52. 4%,是使我国服务贸易逆差日益增大的重要因素。
3、服务贸易管理滞后
由于服务业是由许多相关行业组成的产业群,国际服务贸易涉及的行业范围极广,国际社会要求一国对其国内的服务业进行整体协调和管理。目前,我国对外服务贸易管理体制存在许多缺陷,如中央与地方在服务业对外贸易政策和规章方面还存在一定的差别,服务业多头管理、政出多门甚至相互掣肘的问题还没有完全解决,服务业的统计也不规范,行业标准等方面有许多不符合国际惯例。
4、服务贸易立法不健全
长期以来,我国服务贸易立法严重滞后,虽然近年颁布了《商业银行法》、《保险法》、《海商法》等,但与服务贸易广泛的内涵和国际服务贸易发展的要求相比还存在许多不足。目前我国尚没有一个关于服务业的一般性法律,已有的规定主要表现为各职能部门的规章和内部文件,不仅立法层次较低,而且缺乏协调,从而影响了我国服务贸易立法的统一性和透明度。
二、加入WTO对我国服务贸易的影响
我国加入WTO后,服务业市场将在原有的基础上进一步扩大对外开放,这将对我国服务贸易的发展带来深刻的影响。
1、服务贸易市场化进程进一步加快
放宽限制、开放市场是服务贸易发展的关键。加入WTO,部分服务行业的市场准入,将不再仅仅受国内有关部门的控制,而是要执行我国政府对世贸组织的承诺,这将有利于打破国内部分行业的垄断局面,有利于国内行业学习国外先进的经验,使其提高服务质量和水平,进一步推动我国服务业的发展和国际竞争力的提高。
2、有利于改善我国的投资环境
投资环境不仅仅体现于公路、通信、电力供应等硬件的好坏,越来越多地体现于金融、分销、专业服务等生产性服务的完备与质量等方面。我国服务业总体上落后,而生产性服务更为落后,这正是外国投资者看中我国市场的重要原因。服务业的对外开旅,将吸引更多的外资进入我国服务业,这将有力地促进服务业,特别是生产性服务业的快速发展,改善我国投资的软环境,进而带动国内整个经济的发展。
3、有利于引入新的服务种类
我国服务业的落后,在很大程度上表现为服务种类、品种的缺乏,许多服务领域需要填补“国内空白”。在世界贸易组织划分的143个行业中,我国商业化的税务服务、民意测验服务、信用查询等行业,基本上处于空白状态。在许多行业,具体的服务领域、服务品种还存在大量空白。服务市场的开放和外资的进入,将在相当程度上弥补我国服务业发展中的各种空白,满足国内经济发展和人民生活的各种需要。
4、有利于在更深层次上参与世界经济结构的调整
在经济全球化趋势的推动下,全球服务业也在酝酿着世界范围的调整。加入WTO,有利于我国借发达国家向海外转移劳动密集型、资本密集型服务业之机,吸引外国投资,改善我国服务业的内部结构;也有利于我国服务提供者进入国际市场,实施“走出去”战略,扩大服务贸易出口。
三、增强我国服务贸易竞争力的主要措施
1、优化服务行业结构
大力发展现代服务业,重点发展信息、科技、咨询、法律等行业,带动服务业整体水平提高。积极发展新兴服务业,如房地产、物业管理、旅游、教育培训、文化体育等,形成新的经济增长点。改组改造传统产业,运用现代经营方式和服务技术,着重改造商贸流通、交通运输、餐饮等行业,提高技术水平和经营效率。
2、放宽服务业市场准入
改变部分行业垄断经营严重、市场准入限制过严的状况,按市场主体资质和服务标准,逐步形成公开透明、管理规范的市场准入制度。加快垄断行业管理体制的改革,放宽部分行业市场准入的资质条件,鼓励非国有经济在更广泛的领域参与服务业发展。还要改革市场准入的行政审批制度,减少行政审批项目。
3、多渠道增加服务业投入
中央和地方各级政府,都要适当安排一定数量的投资,作为加快发展服务业的引导资金,主要用于国家鼓励的服务业建设项目的贴息或补助,以更多地吸引银行信贷资金和社会投入。银行要在独立审贷的基础上积极向符合贷款条件的服务业企业及其建设项目发放贷款.鼓励符合条件的服务业企业进入资本市场融资。
4、加强对服务业的组织领导
进一步转变观念,统一思想,提高认识,把服务业摆到与农业、工业同等重要的位置。各级政府要切实履行职责,为加快发展服务业创造良好的环境。制定和完善规范服务业市场主体行为和市场秩序的法律法规,为服务业发展提供法律保障。
参考文献:
〔1〕王克培.论我国对外贸易的发展前景.四川理工学院学报(哲社版).2003,(3).
〔2〕童军.WTO与我国服务业的发展〔J〕.凉山大学学报.2002,(4).
http://wstgs.com/Article/gllw/gjmygl/200603/1131.html?NOCACHE
论我国服务贸易发展中的问题与对策
作者:沈明其 更新时间:2006-2-6 点击次数:
内容提要当前有关服务贸易的研究大都集中在对服务贸易的全球化,自由化以及中国入世后对服务贸易保护政策的研究讨论上。本文从宏观角度来全面综合论述了我国服务贸易的发展现状和解决对策。主要采用了理论分析与实证分析相结合,概述与论证相统一的方法,通过对我国服务贸易历年来的进出口贸易额,进出口贸易结构等数据的比较研究,来比较分析我国服务贸易的比较优势和劣势的存在。并提出相应的对策,如完善我国服务贸易的法律体系,降低市场准入门槛,更新服务贸易观念,积极参加国际服务贸易双边和多边谈判,促进服务贸易自由化等对策,来扬长避短,大力发展我国服务贸易,增强我国服务贸易的国际竞争力,使之成为我国国民经济新的经济增长点。
关键词服务贸易 世界贸易组织 服务贸易总协定
一、我国服务贸易发展的现状
(一)我国近年来的服务贸易进出口情况
如图一所示,1998-2002年我国服务贸易总额③不断上升,进口额和出口额也不断增加,但是始终表现为贸易逆差。由此证明我国服务贸易在国际市场上的竞争力不足。而这种趋势短期内难以改变。
(二)我国现行的服务贸易制度状况
自20世纪80年代以来,我国先后颁布实施了《民法通则》、《对外贸易法》、《商业银行法》、《海商法》等多部法律,为人们构建起了一个服务贸易基本规则框架体系。这些法律大都参照了大陆法与英美法的相应规定,并按照我国所参与的国际公约制定和实施。
目前,我国已经加入了WTO,进入服务业的民间资本和外资迅速增加,为服务业的发展提供了巨大的潜力和发展空间。而国家促进服务业发展的政策导向力度也在逐步加大。国务院办公厅于2001年11月转发了国家计委关于《“十五”期间加快发展服务贸易若干政策措施的意见》,提出了加快服务业的政策措施,这无疑对服务业的发展是一个有力的推动。其后,中国政府在关于服务贸易的十二大领域中,先后颁布实施了一些相对性政策法规。如,《关于发布港口管理信息系统数据字典等八项交通行业标准的通知》,《国家外汇管理局关于现行法规中没有明确规定的非贸易项目售付汇有关问题的通知》,《关于加强城市商业网点规划工作的通知》,《关于对外商投资企业执行“企业会计制度”情况进行调查的通知》等等。还有关于开放我国服务市场方面,对零售业,运输业,电信业,教育业,银行业等都规定了一定的开放度,逐步实现我国政府对入世所做的承诺。为了使我国的服务贸易融入世界服务贸易之中,也为了使我国的服务贸易得到更好的发展,依据WTO的《服务贸易总协定》就成了我们现在构建服务贸易制度的基础。所以,我们现行的或者正在拟草制定的,都是从促进完善我国的服务贸易并早日使我国的服务贸易的法律制度的市场规范与世界接轨的方向发展的。
(三)我国服务贸易的发展趋势
世贸组织日前公布的2002年度全球贸易情况报告称,全球贸易额去年增长2.5%,其中货物贸易总额为6.24万亿美元,比上一年度增长4%,服务贸易额达创纪录的1.54万亿美元。 美、德、日、法继续保持世界贸易前四强地位,中国则超过英国,成为世界第五大贸易国。报告分析认为,2002年全球贸易在企业跨国投资放缓、汇率风险加大、企业及消费者趋于保守的背景下取得恢复性增长,主要归功于美国市场的强劲需求和东亚国家,特别是中国的高速发展。
近期,国家外汇管理局又公布了2002年中国国际收支平衡表。 2002年我国国际收支经常项目顺差354.22亿美元。按照国际收支统计口径计算,货物出口3256.51亿美元,货物进口2814.84亿美元,顺差441.67亿美元;服务项目收入397.45亿美元,支出465.28亿美元,逆差67.84亿美元;收益项目收入83.44亿美元,支出232.89亿美元,逆差149.45亿美元;经常转移收入137.95亿美元,支出8.11亿美元,顺差129.84亿美元。该表显示了2002年我国国际收支经常项目、资本和金融项目继续呈现双顺差,国际储备保持增长,国际收支总体状况良好。
由此可见,中国经济在世界经济中的突出表现是举世瞩目的。而服务贸易必将在这样有利的国内外环境中经济蓬勃发展。虽然当前受到全球经济持续疲软、伊拉克战争带来的政治不稳定性和非典型肺炎三大因素的制约,但是由于中国内部拥有的一个广阔市场和高效的宏观调控机制,就象往年面对亚洲金融危机,9.11事件的突发,一样可以克服众多不利因素而保持经济的持续的增长。
二、我国服务贸易发展中存在的问题
(一)服务贸易结构不合理
如图二所示,1998-2002年服务贸易总额构成比例,除了2001年的各大服务行业贸易额构成比例比较均匀之外,其他各年的服务行业贸易额都相差悬殊,且旅游,运输,其他商业服务占较大比重。因此,不难发现,我国服务贸易在发展过程中需要进行长期的结构调整,使各大服务贸易行业都可以得到均衡发展。
(二)服务贸易的法律体系、市场体系不完善
虽然中国政府一直在努力推进管理体制的改革,但始终都存在着一些另人遗憾的漏洞,而这些管理体系的瑕疵给服务贸易的发展带来了不小的障碍。
1、服务业的行业垄断。我国的一些行业如电信,金融,保险,教育具有的强垄断性,不仅破坏了正常的公平竞争秩序,而且还导致了服务业创新动力的缺乏和效率的低下。 中国的服务业要适应未来服务业发展开放的大环境,必然要求打破行业垄断,实现服务贸易的自由化。
2、服务贸易保障制度不完善。服务贸易保障制度上的不完善,主要是指对服务行业里的一些弱势产业,像数据处理,技术服务,咨询,专业服务等需要有一些专门的保护政策来应对我国入世后国外相关产业对这些行业的冲击,使其可以健康成长而不至于夭折。目前,中国政府在电信,银行,教育等行业制定比较全面保护政策,在一定程度上也影响了贸易的自由化,所以如何制定出有效的贸易保障政策,既可以使本国服务贸易行业健康发展又可以保证贸易的自由化,就要对WTO的GATS的进行认真研究学习。
(三)服务贸易交易方式落后
现代电子商务在服务贸易领域中,深刻地影响着全球商业贸易形式和市场结构,影响着人民的经济生活和社会生活方式,加速了工业社会向信息社会的转变。
据统计,中国目前有各种不同的电子商务网站1,000多个,其中B to C④677家、B to B 370家,ISP⑤620家,去年B to C交易额为3.9亿元人民币,B2B交易额为67.7亿元人民币。存在有各种不同B to B、B to C、C to C等商业模式,有各种不同的电子商务平台和解决方案,但整体来说呈现自发性、局部性、重复性、缺乏技术创新、缺乏整体规划性和统一的规范,有很多网站的商业模式是单纯模仿国外企业,并不适应中国国情,不利于电子商务的发展。这个问题已经引起了广泛的关注。另外,从中国目前电子商务发展的现实情况来看,网络结构复杂,不同行业、不同网络之间不能互联互通,各种资源难以充分共享,网络应用落后于网络技术的高速发展,传统企业难以适应信息技术的快速发展。
据预测,到2003年全球电子商务的交易值将超过一点二万亿美元。在未来5-10年内将是信息技术继续突飞猛进、新经济高速成长、全球经济结构调整的重要时期,也将是中国大力发展电子商务、以信息化带动工业化、参与全球化、实现中国现代化的关键时期。发展电子商务已经不仅仅是基础经济的问题,也不仅仅是商务模式划分的问题,而是关系中国在未来信息经济社会中的竞争力和生存发展的重要问题。
(四)服务贸易理念落后
我国的服务贸易业,过去长期处于封闭的环境中,受某些陈旧观念的束缚和影响至深,因而企业规模小,服务设施差。思想观念落后,服务质量水平低,难以适应加入WTO后我国对外全面开放的经济形势,更难以与国外服务贸易领域里的跨国公司相抗衡。
在我国经济学理论中,仍把服务定义为服务属于流通领域,因此服务不创造价值。而这种论述在WTO将服务贸易外延扩大,内涵深化之后,服务项目不仅提供使用价值,有的还创造价值。还有长期以来,我国经济生活中,服务部门对待客户有一个统一规矩,那就是一视同仁。为了表示不嫌贫爱富,比如银行对经济效益不好,资金留存率低的企业也同样提供资金放贷等服务,结果往往血本无归,还陪上人工费,通讯费等开支。而不象国外银行“看客下菜碟”,对客户进行细分,既保证了收汇的安全,又满足了客户的需求。
三、发展我国服务贸易的若干对策
1、完善服务贸易的基本法律,增强法律的可操作性。为了提高我国服务业的国际地位,必须从提高行业中的竞争程度入手,完善服务业的市场体系,增强法律的可操作性。加快和制定行业性法规,如商法,金融服务法规,电信服务法规,交通运输法规,知识产权法规等,注重参照国际条约和国外立法经验,加大立法力度,理顺各种法律法规与服务行业内部之间的关系,使得服务贸易领域的法律法规健全,相互协调,共同形成结构清晰,层次分明,相互衔接,疏而不漏的有机整体。
2、实现服务业增长方式的转变。主要是指由粗放型,外延型到集约型,内涵型的转变,使服务贸易的发展,服务贸易的出口收入的增长真正建立在提高劳动生产率的基础上,而不是靠一般劳动力的大量投入。同时在服务贸易出口方面,在发挥优势,进一步扩大劳动密集型服务的出口时,也要对那些尚处于“幼稚”状态的知识密集型服务产业加以适当的保护,使其尽快发展并渐进对外开放。今后中国服务出口的大方向应该是:一般劳动密集型服务出口为主,知识技术密集型服务出口为辅→两者并举→知识技术密集型服务出口为主,一般劳动密集型服务出口为辅。
3、参加国际服务贸易的双边与多边谈判,争取更有利的国际环境。我国已经入世,谈判地位大大提高。而且我国亦为GATS的创始方和起草方。这些都有助于我国的服务贸易谈判。我国已于其他各方讨论了服务贸易的出价和减让,在服务贸易的政策立法上,也已考虑了总协定的原则和要求。随着改革开放的继续深化和世界经济一体化趋势的进一步加强,继续在互惠互利原则上进行服务贸易谈判,就显的越发重要。
4、更新服务贸易的观念。首先是对服务贸易概念的更新。服务贸易的定义其实十分广泛,服务贸易领域创造的价值在每年的WTO年度报告中可见一般。对服务贸易的认识和创新也决定着各国服务贸易的发展水平。所以我们要克服服务贸易中陈旧,僵化的思想,将“差别服务”⑥走向前台,正确应对服务贸易自由化潮流,尝新服务贸易的未识领域。再次就是关于服务贸易的安全性观念。由于航空,电信,金融,咨询,广告的行业直接涉及国家的主权和安全,国家机构要加强安全意识,特别是在我国法制不够健全的情况下,应采取循序渐进,有选择,有步骤,有条件的开放市场的方针,把关系到国家经济命脉,主权,安全的关键领域做战略问题加以处理,实行有效监督和管理,使之为国家利益服务。
5、保持和促进原有优势产业,同时优化产业结构,寻找新的增长点,创新服务贸易未识领域。我国的优势服务产业主要集中在劳务和旅游这两大方面。这两方面总的来说都属于劳动密集型行业,科技含量比较低。但是对我国来说,他们却有着重要的意义。我国旅游资源和劳务资源都是很丰富的,因此,我们在这两个方面的投入成本较低,在世界市场上具有较强的竞争力。比如说95年我国旅游收入为87.33亿美元;而2000年我国旅游收入为293.45亿美元,比95年增长了336%;2002年我国旅游收入为357.83亿美元,比2000年增长了122%。但是,在保持优势的同时,我们也要加大这两方面的科技投入,要改善旅游环境,提高劳务输出素质,这样才能更好的发挥我们的优势。另外,我们也要优化服务行业的产业结构,要让新兴服务行业在世界市场上占据一席之地。
6、有步骤的推进服务贸易自由化。我国服务贸易与发达国家比,起步晚,总体发展水平低,许多行业仍处于幼稚时期。同时服务市场发育不完全,服务企业竞争力弱,再加上服务业本身具有综合性,复杂性和广泛性等特征,不可激进的推进服务贸易的自由化,而是有步骤的逐渐推进服务贸易的自由化。在保障本国经济健康稳定的条件下,按照一定比例来开放服务业,保证在服务贸易自由化,全球化,一体化的进程中受益多于不利。
7、大力发展电子商务 。电子商务基于因特网技术所拥有的特别优势,不论在9.11事件、美伊战争,还是今年的非典疫情,都发挥了明显效用,使中国经济和世界经济都可以稳步向前发展。而传统交易模式在面对突发事件带来的巨大冲击时,往往表现出脆弱的一面。因此,大力发展中国的网络事业,降低因类似的事件给服务行业和市场带来巨大冲击是一种非常可行的应对措施。
建设统一的电子商务综合服务平台是中国电子商务产业化发展的关键。"全球化时代的电子商务"专题会议的召开,为全球电子商务专家研究中国电子商务的应用机制、商业模式和基础设施以及技术标准等一系列问题提供了一个良好的契机。好的技术和产品,我们要大力推广和应用。
[注释]
1.GATS就是《服务贸易总协定》。1994年4月15日,各成员方在马拉喀什正式签署《服务贸易总协定》,它于1995年1月1日和世界贸易组织同时生效。
2.国际服务贸易分类表,是由WTO世贸组织统计和信息系统局(SISD)提供的,并经WTO服务贸易理事会评审认可。此分类表是按照GNS(一般国家标准)服务部门分类法,将全世界的服务部门分为11大类142个服务项目。
3.1998-2002年的服务贸易总额分别为:530.45亿美元,550.69亿美元,664.61亿美元,726.01亿美元,862.73亿美元。
4.B to B 指企业到企业;B to C指企业到客户。
5.ISP是Internet Service Provider的缩写,意为“Internet服务提供商”,这里的服务主要是指Internet接入服务,即通过电话线把你的计算机或其他终端设备连入Internet。
6.差别服务:是指分别出客户对企业带来经济效益的情况,对其实施不同的、有差别待遇的服务。
[参考文献]
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本文发表于《教育经济与管理》2004年第七期
http://www2.lunwen5.com/Article/economic/guojimaoyi/1672.html
关于金融危机对国际贸易影响的论文参考文献,谢谢!!
However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as big. 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market demand. Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "cool." It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "engine."
Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have gradually emerged, and paid a very high price.
First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached 43.6%) . As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was 8.8 percent in 1998, 7.8 percent in 1999, is expected to about 7.1% , The trend of declining year by year. It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support Results.
Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's industries and products such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of production, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile production is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light industry development. At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-dumping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive products, and these countries increased trade friction.
Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western region. Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic duality. The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the flames.
China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced production technology, scientific and technological level of higher education, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative shortage. The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, education technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern region. Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major production and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value products, while the central and western regions is the major production and export of natural resources and primary processed products.
China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral products and processed products mainly in primary industries, the proportion of finished products do not. During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from more. However, export-oriented model of the finished products instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of the. At the national foreign trade policy-induced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary products, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented by. From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the production of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports declined. As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the total.
Figure plans) (
Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of production of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is conducive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introducing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports expanded. The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more small. This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic duality.
Figure plans) (
In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence results. In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do not. This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to development.
Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the dual nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened accordingly. From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from 2.66 times to 5.50 times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative value. 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of 2.96 times that of 1995 expanded to 4.75 times. According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of 0.30 from 1984 up to 1995's 0.415, the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is 0.45. China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor countries.
Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite big.
In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be successful. However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented model. However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" elements.
So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to ? Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate ? The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" gradual and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign trade. This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented economy. The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic development.
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